Bulk amorphous refractory glasses based on the ni(-cu-)-ti(-zr)-a1 alloy system

ABSTRACT

Bulk amorphous alloys based on quaternary Ni—Zr—Ti—Al alloy system, and the extension of this quaternary system to higher order alloys by the addition of one or more alloying elements, methods of casting such alloys, and articles made of such alloys are provided.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel bulk solidifying amorphous alloy compositions, and more specifically to Ni-base bulk solidifying amorphous alloy compositions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Amorphous alloys (or glassy alloys or metallic glass alloys) have typically been prepared by rapid quenching a molten material from above the melt temperature to ambient temperature. Generally, cooling rates of 10⁵° C./sec have been employed to achieve an amorphous structure in these materials. However, at such high cooling rates, the heat cannot be extracted from thick sections of such materials, and, as such, the thickness of articles made from amorphous alloys has been limited to tens of micrometers in at least in one dimension. This limiting dimension is generally referred to as the critical casting thickness and can be related by heat-flow calculations to the cooling rate (or critical cooling rate) required to form the amorphous phase.

This critical thickness (or critical cooling rate) can also be used as a measure of the processability of an amorphous alloy (or glass forming ability of an alloy). Until the early nineties, the processability of amorphous alloys was quite limited and amorphous alloys were readily available only in powder form or in very thin foils or strips with dimensions of less than 100 micrometers.

However, in the early nineties, a new class of amorphous alloys was developed that was based mostly on Zr and Ti alloy systems. It was observed that these families of alloys have much lower critical cooling rates of less than 10³° C./sec, and in some cases as low as 10° C./sec. Using these new alloys it was possible to form articles of amorphous alloys having critical casting thicknesses from about 1.0 mm to as large as about 20 mm. As such, these alloys are readily cast and shaped into three-dimensional objects using conventional methods such as metal mold casting, die casting, and injection casting, and are generally referred to as bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys (bulk amorphous alloys or bulk glass forming alloys). Examples of such bulk amorphous alloys have been found in the Zr—Ti—Ni—Cu—Be, Zr—Ti—Ni—Cu—Al, Mg—Y—Ni—Cu, La—Ni—Cu—Al, and Fe-based alloy families. These amorphous alloys exhibit high strength, a high elastic strain limit, high fracture toughness, and other useful mechanical properties, which are attractive for many engineering applications.

Although a number of different bulk-solidifying amorphous alloy formulations have been disclosed in the past, it is still desirable to seek alloy compositions with higher temperature stability, better corrosion resistance, higher processability, higher and modulus, higher specific strength and modulus, and lower raw material cost. Accordingly, a need exists to develop novel compositions of bulk solidifying amorphous alloys which will provide improvements in these properties and characteristics.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to Ni-base bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys, and particularly to alloys based on the Ni—Zr—Ti—Al quaternary system.

In one exemplary embodiment, the Ni—Zr—Ti—Al quaternary system is extended to higher alloys by adding one or more alloying elements.

In another embodiment, the invention is directed to methods of casting these alloys into three-dimensional bulk objects, while retaining a substantially amorphous atomic structure. In such an embodiment, the term three dimensional refers to an object having dimensions of least 0.5 mm in each dimension, and preferably 1.0 mm in each dimension. The term “substantially” as used herein in reference to the amorphous metal alloy means that the metal alloys are at least fifty percent amorphous by volume. Preferably the metal alloy is at least ninety-five percent amorphous, and most preferably about one hundred percent amorphous by volume.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 a is a graphical depiction of x-ray diffraction scans of an exemplary bulk amorphous alloy; and

FIG. 1 b is a graphical depiction of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) plots of an exemplary bulk amorphous alloy.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys based on a Ni—Zr—Ti—Al quaternary system, and the extension of this ternary system to higher order alloys by the addition of one or more alloying elements. These alloys are referred to as Ni-based alloys herein.

Although a number of different Ni—Zr—Ti—Al combinations may be utilized in the Ni-based alloys of the current invention, a range of Ni content from about 27 to 58 atomic percentage, a range of Ti content from about 8 to 22 atomic percentage, a range of Zr content from about 13 to about 37 atomic percent, and a range of Al content from about 5 to about 17 atomic percent are preferably utilized.

To increase the ease of casting such alloys into larger bulk objects, and for increased processability, a formulation having a range of Ni content from about 37 to 49 atomic percentage, a range of Ti content from about 13 to 20 atomic percentage, a range of Zr content from about 25 to about 32 atomic percent, and a range of Al content from about 8 to about 12 atomic percent is preferred. Still more preferable is a Ni-based alloy having a range of Ni content from about 39 to 47 atomic percentage, a range of Ti content from about 15 to 18 atomic percentage, a range of Zr content from about 27 to about 30 atomic percent, and a range of Al content from about 9 to about 11 atomic percent.

Although only combinations of Ni, Ti, Zr and Al have been discussed thus far, it should be understood that other elements can be added to improve the ease of casting the Ni-based alloys of the invention into larger bulk objects or to increase the processability of the alloys. Additional alloying elements of potential interest are Cu, Co, Fe, and Mn, which can each be used as fractional replacements for Ni; Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo and W, which can be used as fractional replacements for Zr and Ti; and Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb, which can be used as fractional replacements for Al.

It should be understood that the addition of the above mentioned additive alloying elements may have a varying degree of effectiveness for improving the processability of the Ni-base alloys in the spectrum of compositional ranges described above and below, and that this should not be taken as a limitation of the current invention.

Given the above discussion, in general, the Ni-base alloys of the current invention can be expressed by the following general formula (where a, b, c are in atomic percentages and x, y, z are in fractions of whole): (Ni_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 27 to 58, b in the range of 21 to 59, c is in the range of 5 to 17 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf; Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W, and preferably from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu, and preferably from the group of Cu and Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb, and preferably from the group of Si and Sn. In such an embodiment the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.3, y is less than 0.3, z is less than 0.3, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.5, and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 8 atomic percent and Zr content is more than 13 atomic percent.

Preferably, the Ni-based alloys of the current invention are given by the formula: (Ni_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 37 to 49, b in the range of 38 to 52, c is in the range of 8 to 12 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W, and preferably from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu, and preferably from the group of Cu and Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb, and preferably from the group of Si and Sn. In such an embodiment the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.2, y is less than 0.2, z is less than 0.2, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.3, and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 13 atomic percent and Zr content is more than 25 atomic percent.

Still more preferably, the Ni-based alloys of the current invention are given by the formula: (Ni_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 39 to 47, b in the range of 42 to 48, c is in the range of 9 to 111 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W and preferably from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu and preferably from the group of Cu and Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb and preferably from the group of Si and Sn. In such an embodiment the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.1, y is less than 0.1, z is less than 0.1, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.2 and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 15 atomic percent and Zr content is more than 27 atomic percent.

For increased processability, the above mentioned alloys are preferably selected to have five or more elemental components. It should be understood that the addition of the above mentioned additive alloying elements may have a varying degree of effectiveness for improving the processability within the spectrum of the alloy compositional ranges described above and below, and that this should not be taken as a limitation of the current invention.

Other alloying elements can also be added, generally without any significant effect on processability when their total amount is limited to less than 2%. However, a higher amount of other elements can cause a degradation in the processability of the alloys, an d in particular when compared to the processability of the exemplary alloy compositions described below. In limited and specific cases, the addition of other alloying elements may improve the processability of alloy compositions with marginal critical casting thicknesses of less than 1.0 mm. It should be understood that such alloy compositions are also included in the current invention.

Exemplary embodiments of the Ni-based alloys in accordance with the invention are described in the following:

In one exemplary embodiment of the invention the Ni-based alloys have the following general formula: Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c), where 8<a<22, 13<b<37, 5<c<17.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention the Ni-based alloys have the following general formula Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c), where 13<a<20, 25<b<32, 8<c<12.

The most preferred embodiment of the ternary Ni-based alloys have the following general formula Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c), where 15<a<18, 27<b<30, 9<c<11.

Although higher order combinations of Ni-base alloys with five or more elemental components can be utilized in the current invention, in one particularly exemplary embodiment of the invention, the five component alloy system comprises combinations of Ni—Ti—Zr—Al—Cu, where the Ni content is from about 27 to 47 atomic percentage, the Ti content is from about 8 to 22 atomic percentage, the Zr content is from about 13 to about 37 atomic percent, the Cu content is up to 17 atomic percent, and the Al content is from about 5 to about 17 atomic percent.

To increase the ease of casting such alloys into larger bulk objects, and for increased processability, a formulation having a range of Ni content from about 37 to 44 atomic percentage, a range of Ti content from about 13 to 20 atomic percentage, a range of Zr content from about 25 to about 32 atomic percent, a range of Cu content from about 2 to 8 atomic percentage, and a range of Al content from about 8 to about 12 atomic percent is preferred. Still more preferable is a Ni-based alloy having a range of Ni content from about 39 to 42 atomic percentage, a range of Ti content from about 15 to 18 atomic percentage, a range of Zr content from about 27 to about 30 atomic percent, a range of Cu content from about 3 to about 7 atomic percent and a range of Al content from about 9 to about 11 atomic percent.

It should be understood that other elements can be added to improve the ease of casting the five component Ni-based alloys of the invention into larger bulk objects or to increase the processability of the alloys. Additional alloying elements of potential interest are Co, Fe, and Mn, which can each be used as fractional replacements for Ni and Cu moiety; Hf; Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo and W, which can be used as fractional replacements for Zr and Ti moiety; and Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb, which can be used as fractional replacements for Al.

It should be understood that the addition of the above mentioned additive alloying elements may have a varying degree of effectiveness for improving the processability of the Ni-base alloys in the spectrum of compositional ranges described above and below, and that this should not be taken as a limitation of the current invention.

Given the above discussion, in general, the Ni-base alloys based on the Ni—T—Zr—Cu—Al combination can be expressed by the following general formula (where a, b, c are in atomic percentages and x, y, z are in fractions of whole): ((Ni Cu)_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 27 to 58, b in the range of 21 to 59, c is in the range of 5 to 17 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W, and preferably from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, and Co, and preferably Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb, and preferably from the group of Si and Sn. In such an embodiment the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.3, y is less than 0.3, z is less than 0.3, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.5, and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 8 atomic percent, Zr content is more than 13 atomic percent and Cu content is less than 17 atomic percent.

Preferably, the Ni-based alloys of the current invention are given by the formula: ((Ni,Cu)_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 37 to 49, b in the range of 38 to 52, c is in the range of 8 to 12 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W, and preferably from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, and Co, and preferably Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb, and preferably from the group of Si and Sn. In such an embodiment the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.2, y is less than 0.2, z is less than 0.2, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.3, and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 13 atomic percent, Zr content is more than 25 atomic percent, and Cu content is from about 2 to 8 atomic percentage

Still more preferably, the Ni-based alloys of the current invention are given by the formula: ((Ni,Cu)_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 39 to 47, bin the range of 42 to 48, c is in the range of 9 to 11 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W, and preferably from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, and Co, and preferably Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb, and preferably from the group of Si and Sn. In such an embodiment the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.1, y is less than 0.1, z is less than 0.1, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.2, and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 15 atomic percent, Zr content is more than 27 atomic percent, and Cu content is from about 3 to 7 atomic percentage.

Other alloying elements can also be added, generally without any significant effect on processability when their total amount is limited to less than 2%. However, a higher amount of other elements can cause a degradation in the processability of the alloys, an particularly when compared to the processability of the exemplary alloy compositions described below. In limited and specific cases, the addition of other alloying elements may improve the processability of alloy compositions with marginal critical casting thicknesses of less than 1.0 mm. It should be understood that such alloy compositions are also included in the current invention.

Exemplary embodiments of the Ni-based alloys in accordance with the invention are described in the following examples:

In one exemplary embodiment of the invention the Ni-based alloys have the following general formula Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c)Cu_(d), where 8<a<22, 13<b<37, 5<c<17, and 0<d<17.

In one preferred embodiment of the invention the Ni-based alloys have the following general formula Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c)Cu_(d), where 13<a<20, 25<b<32, 8<c<12, and 2<d<8.

The most preferred embodiment of the pentiary Ni-base alloys have the following general formula Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c)Cu_(d), where 15<a<18, 27<b<30, 9<c<1, and 3<d<7.

Alloys with these general formulations have been cast directly from the melt into copper molds to form fully amorphous strips or rods of thickness up to 6 mm. Examples of these bulk metallic glass forming alloys are given in Table 1, below. TABLE 1 Critical Casting Alloy Composition (at %) Thickness (mm) Ni₄₅Ti₂₀Zr₂₅Al₁₀ 2 Ni₄₅Ti₂₀Zr₂₀Al₁₀Hf₅ 2 Ni_(32.5)Ti_(12.5)Zr_(32.5)Al₁₀Cu_(12.5) 3 Ni₃₃Ti₁₃Zr₃₂Al₁₀Cu₁₂ 3 Ni₃₇Ti₁₈Zr₂₉Al₁₀Cu₆ 3 Ni₄₀Ti₁₆Zr₂₃Al₁₀Cu₆Hf₅ 3 Ni₄₀Ti₁₆Zr₂₈Al₁₁Cu₅ 3 Ni₄₀Ti₁₈Zr₂₆Al₁₀Cu₆ 3 Ni₃₅Ti₁₄Zr₃₁Al₁₀Cu₁₀ 4 Ni₃₇Ti1₅Zr₃₀Al₁₀Cu₈ 4 Ni₃₉Ti₁₈Zr₂₉Al₁₀Cu₄ 4 Ni_(39.6)Ti_(15.84)Zr_(27.72)Al_(9.9)Cu_(5.94)Si₁ 4 Ni₄₀Ti₁₆Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₆ 4 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.2)Zr_(28.3)Al₁₀Cu₅ 4 Ni₄₁Ti₁₆Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 4 Ni_(41.5)Ti₁₈Zr₂₇Al₁₀Cu_(3.5) 4 Ni₄₂Ti₁₅Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 4 Ni₄₃Ti₁₉Zr₂₆Al₁₀Cu₂ 4 Ni_(38.7)Ti_(17.2)Zr_(29.8)Al₁₀Cu_(4.3) 5 Ni₃₉Ti₁₇Zr₂₉Al₁₀Cu₅ 5 Ni₃₉Ti_(17.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₅ 5 Ni_(39.6)Ti_(16.9)Zr_(29.1)Al₁₀Cu_(4.4) 5 Ni₄₀Ti₁₆Zr₂₉Al₁₀Cu₅ 5 Ni₄₀Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 5 Ni₄₀Ti₁₇Zr₂₉Al₁₀Cu₄ 5 Ni₄₀Ti_(17.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₄ 5 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.5)Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 5 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.75)Zr_(28.25)Al₁₀Cu_(4.5) 5 Ni_(40.5)Ti₁₇Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₄ 5 Ni₄₁Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₄ 5 Ni₄₁Ti_(17.5)Zr_(27.5)Al₁₀Cu₄ 5 Ni_(41.5)Ti_(17.5)Zr_(27.5)Al₁₀Cu_(3.5) 5 Ni₃₉Ti₁₆Zr₂₉Al₁₀Cu₆ 6 Ni₃₉Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₆ 6 Ni_(39.8)Ti_(15.92)Zr_(27.86)Al_(9.95)Cu_(5.97)Si_(0.5) 6 Ni_(39.8)Ti_(16.42)Zr_(28.36)Al_(9.95)Cu_(5.97)Si_(0.5) 6 Ni_(39.8)Ti_(16.42)Zr_(28.36)Al_(9.95)Cu_(4.97)Ge₁ 6 Ni₄₀Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₅ 6 Ni₄₀Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu_(4.5)Si_(0.5) 6 Ni₄₀Ti₁₇Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu_(4.5) 6 Ni₄₀Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu_(4.5)Si_(0.5) 6 Ni_(40.25)Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu_(4.75) 6 Ni_(40.3)Ti_(16.42)Zr_(28.35)Al_(9.95)Cu_(4.48)Si_(0.5) 6 Ni_(40.4)Ti_(16.46)Zr_(28.43)Al_(9.97)Cu_(4.49)Si_(0.3) 6 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.25)Zr_(28.75)Al₁₀Cu_(4.5) 6 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu_(4.5) 6 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₄Sn₁ 6 Ni_(40.5)Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu_(4.5) 6 Ni_(40.75)Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu_(4.25) 6 Ni₄₁Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₄ 6 Ni₄₁Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₄ 6

The above table gives the maximum thickness for which fully amorphous strips are obtained by metal mold casting using this exemplary formulation. Evidence of the amorphous nature of the cast strips can be determined by x-ray diffraction spectra. Typical x-ray diffraction spectra for fully amorphous alloy strips is provided in FIG. 1 a.

The invention is also directed to methods of casting these alloys into three-dimensional bulk objects, while retaining a substantially amorphous atomic structure. In such an embodiment, the term three dimensional refers to an object having dimensions of least 0.5 mm in each dimension. The term “substantially” as used herein in reference to the amorphous alloy (or glassy alloy) means that the metal alloys are at least fifty percent amorphous by volume. Preferably the metal alloy is at least ninety-five percent amorphous and most preferably about one hundred percent amorphous by volume.

In general, crystalline precipitates in bulk amorphous alloys are highly detrimental to their properties, especially to the toughness and strength, and as such generally preferred to a minimum volume fraction possible. However, there are cases in which, ductile crystalline phases precipitate in-situ during the processing of bulk amorphous alloys forming a mixture of amorphous and crystalline phases, which are indeed beneficial to the properties of bulk amorphous alloys especially to the toughness and ductility. These cases of mixed-phase alloys, where such beneficial precipitates co-exist with amorphous phase are also included in the current invention. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the precipitating crystalline phases have body-centered cubic crystalline structure.

Another measurement of the processability of amorphous alloys can be described by defining a ΔTsc (super-cooled liquid region), which is a relative measure of the stability of the viscous liquid regime of the alloy above the glass transition. ΔTsc is defined as the difference between Tx, the onset temperature of crystallization, and Tsc, the onset temperature of the super-cooled liquid region. These values can be conveniently determined using standard calorimetric techniques such as DSC measurements at 20° C./min. For the purposes of this disclosure, Tg, Tsc and Tx are determined from standard DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) scans at 20° C./min. Tg is defined as the onset temperature of glass transition, Tsc is defined as the onset temperature of super-cooled liquid region, and Tx is defined as the onset temperature of crystallization. Other heating rates such as 40° C./min, or 10° C./min can also be utilized while the basic physics of this technique are still valid. All the temperature units are in ° C.

Generally, a larger ΔTsc is associated with a lower critical cooling rate, though a significant amount of scatter exists at ΔTsc values of more than 40° C. Bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys with a ΔTsc of more than 40° C., and preferably more than 60° C., and still more preferably a ΔTsc of 90° C. and more are very desirable because of the relative ease of fabrication.

Typical examples of DSC scans for fully amorphous strips are given in FIG. 1 b. The vertical arrows in FIG. 1 b indicate the location of the observed glass transition and the observed crystallization temperature of an exemplary alloy which was cast up to 5 mm thick amorphous strips. Further, Table 2, below gives the measured glass transition temperature and crystallization temperatures obtained for the alloys using Differential Scanning Calorimetry scans at heating rates of 10-20 K/s. The difference between Tg and Tx, ΔT=Tx−Tg, is measure of the temperature range over which the supercooled liquid is stable against crystallization when the glass is heated above Tg. The value of ΔT is a measure of the “processability” of the amorphous material upon subsequent heating. Values of this parameter are also given in Table 2, as reported values ranging up to ΔT˜50 K are observed. TABLE 2 Critical Casting Tg Tx ΔT Alloy Composition (Atomic %) Thickness (K) (K) (K) Ni₄₅Ti₂₀Zr₃₅ 0.5 725 752 27 Ni₄₅Ti₂₀Zr₂₇Al₈ <0.5 761 802 41 Ni₄₅Ti₂₀Zr₂₅Al₁₀ 2 773 818 45 Ni₄₅Ti₂₀Zr₂₃Al₁₂ <0.5 783 832 49 Ni₄₀Ti₁₆Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₆ 3.5 766 803 42 Ni₄₀Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 4 762 808 46 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.5)Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 4 764 809 45 Ni₄₀Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₅ 5 763 809 46 Ni_(39.8)Ti_(15.92)Zr_(27.86)Al_(9.95)Cu_(5.97)Si_(0.5) 5 768 815 47

To assess the strength and elastic properties of these new metallic glasses, we have carried out measurements of the Vickers Hardness and compression tests. Typical data are shown in Table 3, below. Typical values range from V.H.=700 to 900. Based on this data, and using empirical scaling rules, one can estimate the yield strength, Y.S. of these materials. Here we have used the approximate formula: Y.S.=(V.H.)×3 where the approximate yield strength is given in MPa and the Vickers Hardness is given in Kg/mm². The yield strength values can be as high as 2.5 GPa and among the largest values of Y.S. of any bulk amorphous alloys reported to date.

Table 3 also gives values for Poisson ratio (ν), shear modulus (μ) and Young's modulus (E) of exemplary alloys. These elastic properties data were obtained by measuring the sound propagation velocities of plane waves (longitudinal and transverse, C₁ and C_(s), respectively) in the alloys, then using the following relations (valid for isotropic materials such as amorphous alloys): ν=(2−x)/(2−2x)=Poisson's ratio, where x=(C₁/C_(s))² μ=ρ*C _(s) ²=shear modulus, where ρ is density E=μ*2(1+ν)=Young's modulus

As can be seen from the data, the Young's modulus for these new bulk amorphous alloys is relatively large, i.e., these are relatively “stiff” bulk amorphous alloys. TABLE 3 Yield Shear Vickers Strength Poisson's Modulus Young Modulus Alloy Composition (Atomic %) Hardness (GPa) ratio (GPa) (GPa) Ni₄₅Ti₂₀Zr₂₅Al₁₀ 791 2.37 0.36 42.7 116 Ni₄₀Ti₁₆Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₆ 780 2.2 0.361 41.5 113 Ni₄₀Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 862 2.3 0.348 50.1 135.1 Ni_(40.5)Ti_(16.5)Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅ 787 2.36 0.36 42.5 115.5 Ni₄₀Ti_(16.5)Zr_(28.5)Al₁₀Cu₅ 800 2.4 0.355 45.6 123.7 Ni_(39.8)Ti_(15.92)Zr_(27.86)Al_(9.95)Cu_(5.97)Si_(0.5) 829 2.49 0.36 43.5 118.2

In sum, the inventors discovered a new family of bulk metallic glass forming alloys having exceedingly high values of hardness, elastic modulus (E), yield strength, and glass transition temperature, Tg. The values of these characteristic properties are among the highest reported for any known metallic alloys which form bulk metallic glass. Here, “bulk” is taken to mean that the alloys have a critical casting thickness of the order of 0.5 mm or more. The properties of these new alloys make them ideal candidates for many engineering applications.

Although specific embodiments are disclosed herein, it is expected that persons skilled in the art can and will design alternative Ni-based alloys that are within the scope of the following claims either literally or under the Doctrine of Equivalents. 

1. A glass forming alloy having a composition given by: (Ni_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 27 to 58, b in the range of 21 to 59, c is in the range of 5 to 17 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb; and wherein the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.3, y is less than 0.3, z is less than 0.3, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.5, and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 8 atomic percent and Zr content is more than 13 atomic percent.
 2. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the silicon content of the alloy is less than 1 atomic percent.
 3. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein a is in the range of from 39 to 47, b in the range of 42 to 48, c is in the range of 9 to 11 in atomic percentages and x is less than 0.1, y is less than 0.1, z is less than 0.1, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.2, and the content of Ti content is more than 15 atomic percent and Zr content is more than 27 atomic percent.
 4. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Co and Cu; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Sn and Si.
 5. The glass forming alloy described in claim 3 wherein ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Co and Cu; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Sn and Si.
 6. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the alloy has a ΔTsc of more than 40° C.
 7. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the alloy has a Vickers hardness greater than 700 Kg/mm².
 8. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the alloy has a yield strength of greater than 2.5 GPa.
 9. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the alloy has a Young's modulus of greater than 140 GPa.
 10. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the alloy has a ratio of glass transition temperature to liquidus temperature of around 0.6 or more.
 11. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the alloy is substantially amorphous.
 12. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the alloy contains a ductile crystalline phase precipitate.
 13. The glass forming alloy described in claim 1 wherein the critical cooling rate is less than about 1,000° C./sec.
 14. The glass forming alloy described in claim 3 wherein the critical cooling rate is less than about 1,000° C./sec.
 15. A glass forming alloy having a composition given by: ((Ni,Cu)_(1-x)TM_(x))_(a)((Ti,Zr)_(1-y)ETM_(y))_(b)(Al_(1-z)AM_(z))_(c), where a is in the range of from 27 to 58, b in the range of 21 to 59, c is in the range of 5 to 17 in atomic percentages; ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf, Nb, Ta, V, Cr, Mo, and W; TM is a transition metal selected from the group of Mn, Fe, and Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Si, Sn, Ge, B, and Sb; and wherein the following constraints are given for the x, y and z fraction: x is less than 0.3, y is less than 0.3, z is less than 0.3, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.5, and under the further constraint that the content of Ti content is more than 8 atomic percent, Zr content is more than 13 atomic percent and Cu content is less than 17 atomic percent.
 16. The glass forming alloy described in claim 15 wherein a is in the range of from 39 to 47, b in the range of 42 to 48, c is in the range of 9 to 11 in atomic percentages; and x is less than 0.1, y is less than 0.1, z is less than 0.1, and the sum of x, y and z is less than about 0.2; and the content of Ti content is more than 15 atomic percent, Zr content is more than 27 atomic percent, and Cu content is from about 3 to 7 atomic percentage.
 17. The glass forming alloy described in claim 15 wherein ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Sn and Si.
 18. The glass forming alloy described in claim 16 wherein ETM is an early transition metal selected from the group of Hf and Nb; TM is Co; and AM is an additive material selected from the group of Sn and Si.
 19. The glass forming alloy described in claim 15 wherein the critical cooling rate is less than about 1,000° C./sec.
 20. The glass forming alloy described in claim 16 wherein the critical cooling rate is less than about 1,000° C./sec.
 21. A glass forming alloy having a composition given by: Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c)Cu_(d), where 8<a<22, 13<b<37, 5<c<17, 0<d<17, and a+b+c+d is in the range of from 53 to
 73. 22. A glass forming alloy having a composition given by: Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c)Cu_(d), where 15<a<18, 27<b<30, 9<c<11, 3<d<7, and a+b+c+d is in the range of from 58 to
 61. 23. A glass forming alloy having a composition given by: Ni_(100-a-b-c)Ti_(a)Zr_(b)Al_(c), where 15<a<18, 27<b<30, 9<c<11, and a+b+c is in the range of from 53 to
 61. 24. The glass forming alloy described in claims 21 wherein the critical cooling rate is less than about 1,000° C./sec.
 25. The glass forming alloy described in claims 22 wherein the critical cooling rate is less than about 1,000° C./sec.
 26. The glass forming alloy described in claims 23 wherein the critical cooling rate is less than about 1,000° C./sec.
 27. A three dimensional article made from the alloy of claim 1 having an amorphous phase.
 28. A three dimensional article made from the alloy of claim 3 having an amorphous phase.
 29. A three dimensional article made from the alloy of claim 15 having an amorphous phase.
 30. A three dimensional article made from the alloy of claim 21 having an amorphous phase.
 31. A three dimensional article made from the alloy of claim 22 having an amorphous phase.
 32. A three dimensional article made from the alloy of claim 23 having an amorphous phase.
 33. A glass forming alloy having a composition of Ni₄₀Ti₁₆Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₆.
 34. A glass forming alloy having a composition of Ni₄₀Ti₁₇Zr₂₈Al₁₀Cu₅.
 35. A glass forming alloy having a composition of Ni_(39.8)Ti_(15.92)Zr_(27.86)Al_(9.95)Cu_(5.97)Si_(0.5). 